Biofuels and Bioenergy

Biochemical Conversion

Biochemical conversion is a process that uses microorganisms and enzymes to break down biomass into biofuels, biogas, and value-added biochemicals. This process primarily involves fermentation and anaerobic digestion, making it a key technology in second-generation biofuels and waste-to-energy solutions. Unlike thermochemical methods, which rely on high temperatures, biochemical conversion operates under mild conditions, making it more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.Biochemical conversion is particularly effective for sugar- and starch-based biomass (corn, sugarcane, potatoes), lignocellulosic feedstocks (wood, agricultural residues, grasses), and organic waste materials (food waste, manure, wastewater sludge). Microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria convert sugars into bioethanol or biobutanol under anaerobic conditions. Organic matter is broken down by anaerobic bacteria in oxygen-free environments, producing biogas (methane, CO₂) and digestate. Biogas is used in combined heat and power (CHP) plants, upgraded into biomethane for injection into natural gas grids, or converted into compressed natural gas (CNG) for transport.